The Animal Encyclopedia Amniotes - Amniota

Amniotes (Amniota) are a group of tetrapods that includes birds, reptiles, and mammals. Amniotes evolved during the late Paleozoic era. The characteristic that sets amniotes apart from other tetrapods is that amniotes lay eggs that are well-adapted to survive in a terrestrial environment. The amniotic egg generally consists of four membranes: the amnion, the allantois, the chorion, and the yolk sac. The amnion encloses the embryo in a fluid that serves as a cushion and provides an aqueous environment in which it can grow. The allantois is a sac that holds metabolic wastes. The chorion encloses the entire contents of the egg and together with the allantois helps the embryo breath by providing oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide. The yolk sac, in some amniotes, holds a nutrient-rich fluid (called the yolk) that the embryo consumes as it grows (in placental mammals and marsupials, the yolk sac only stores nutrients temporarily and contains no yolk). The Eggs of Amniotes The eggs of many amniotes (such as birds and most reptiles) are enclosed in a hard, mineralized shell. In many lizards, this shell is flexible. The shell provides physical protection for the embryo and its resources and limits water loss. In amniotes that produce shell-less eggs (such as all mammals and some reptiles), the embryo develops within the females reproductive tract. Anapsids, Diapsids, and Synapsids Amniotes are often described and grouped by the number of openings (fenestrae) that are present in the temporal region of their skull. The three groups that have been identified on this basis include the anapsids, diapsids, and synapsids. Anapsids have no openings in the temporal region of their skull. The anapsid skull is characteristic of the earliest amniotes. Diapsids have two pairs of openings in the temporal region of their skull. Diapsids include birds and all modern reptiles. Turtles are also considered diapsids (although they have no temporal openings) because it is thought that their ancestors were diapsids. Synapsids, which include mammals, have a single pair of temporal openings in their skull. The temporal openings characteristic of amniotes are thought to have developed in conjunction with stronger jaw muscles, and it was these muscles that enabled early amniotes and their descendants to more successfully capture prey on land. Key Characteristics amniotic eggthick, waterproof skinstrong jawsmore advanced respiratory systemhigh-pressure cardiovascular systemexcretion processes that reduce water lossa large brain modified sensory organslarvae do not have gillsundergo internal fertilization Species Diversity Approximately 25,000 species Classification Amniotes are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Amniotes are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Birds (Aves) - There are about 10,000 species of birds alive today. Members of this group include game birds, birds of prey, hummingbirds, perching birds, kingfishers, buttonquail, loons, owls, pigeons, parrots, albatrosses, waterfowl, penguins, woodpeckers and many others. Birds have many adaptations for flight such as lightweight, hollow bones, feathers, and wings.Mammals (Mammalia) - There are about 5,400 species of mammals alive today. Members of this group include primates, bats, aardvarks, carnivores, seals and sea lions, cetaceans, insectivores, hyraxes, elephants, hoofed mammals, rodents, and many other groups. Mammals have several unique adaptations including mammary glands and hair.Reptiles (Reptilia) - There are about 7,900 species of reptiles alive today. Members of this group include crocodiles, snakes, alligators, lizards, caimans, tortoises, worm lizards, turtles, and tuataras. Reptiles have scales that cover their skin and are cold-blooded animals. References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Plagiarism - 2246 Words

Erik Estrada English 12 Julian 21 January 2014 Music Piracy Ever wondered how the music that you listen to probably every day of your life becomes the music that you love so much? Well there is a long and tedious process that goes into to making just one song. The artists does his or her best to make a song that he or she likes and also a song that all of the fans would enjoy too. It takes days, maybe even weeks to just make one single song; and there are so many components or people that go into its creation. To start, there are songwriters and audio engineers, computer technicians and also the actually artist or artists in the song, and all of those people profit off of that one song. So when a person goes online and decides to†¦show more content†¦He believes that it was only from 1970 to 1997 that recording artists earned significant revenue from records or compact discs. Prior to 1970 most revenue came from performing music live. Many now believe that we are returning to a period where live performances will be the main source o f revenue for musicians. This is because live performances are, the only unique, excludable, non-duplicable product left in the music business (Schultz). David Bowie concurs, advising current musicians that, Youd better be prepared for doing a lot of touring because thats really the only unique situation thats going to be left (Pà ¡reles). Musicians are having to tour more and more than they would like to because of the lack of money they should be getting from the songs they produce. Going on tour means that musicians have to be away from their families and friends for months at a time. Why just recently Eminem, released his new album The Marshall Mathers LP 2. A week before the album come out, Eminem himself sent out a public service announcement video onto Marshall Mathers YouTube page. Eminem states â€Å" due to a massive amount of bootlegging and constant downloading, people are no longer buying our CD’s so that we can get paid for our f**cking work†¦and being fo rced to tour, not being able to see my kids and causing more stress†. So as you can see the recording artists are also aware of the massive increase ofShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism : Plagiarism And Plagiarism815 Words   |  4 Pages There are many types of plagiarism, including several scenarios of inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. This essay will discuss how plagiarism is defined, the various types of plagiarism, why plagiarism is such a serious problem, the impact of the internet on academic integrity, and how plagiarism can be avoided. It will also provide suggestions on ways to eliminate both inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. There are several ways to define plagiarism. One such definition, according to the RegisRead MorePlagiarism And The Ethics Of Plagiarism926 Words   |  4 Pagesand parents have heard the term â€Å"plagiarism† while talking about writing essays, poems, and other works. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own† by Merriam-Webster dictionary. While plagiarism may be denoted as stealing one’s work without credit, a more vast and broad definition usually applies to college level work. Every college and university has their own handbook and code of conduct on what exactly â€Å"plagiarism† is defined as, and what are theRead MorePlagiarism : What Is Plagiarism?1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is using someone else’s work, words, production, researches and ideas without the approval or the acknowledgment of the writer or producer, and claiming the credit for himself. Many reasons and factors are attributed for the use of plagiarism and could be cultural, historical, linguistic, environmental and educational background. Plagiarism is a form of an academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, and a digital cheating. It is declared to be an unacceptable legal actRead MorePlagiarism And The Consequences Of Plagiarism1379 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper we will cover plagiarism. We will cover a brief history of plagiarism and look at the different types of plagiarism, as well as compare and contrast the different types. We will also look at who is most prone to plagiarize and why. We will also discuss the role plagiarism plays in academia and the consequences to plagiarizing. Webster’s online Dictionary defines plagiarism as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own: use (another s production) withoutRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead MorePlagiarism2189 Words   |  9 PagesPlagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? Darian Camacho English 111, Section 11 Professor Coulter March 21, 2013 Plagiarism: Why it Continues to Occur? The increase in plagiarism has gained the attention of many institutions, administrators and educators, as well as researchers and the public. This increase has brought to attention the concern of why plagiarism continues to occur. In order to debate this concern we should first understand the definition and background of plagiarism, theRead MorePlagiarism Habits Of Politicians : Plagiarism876 Words   |  4 PagesReshma Shrestha Dr. Lynn R.Brink Government 2305-71001 11th September, 2016 Plagiarism Habits of Politicians The word Plagiarism means, it is an acknowledgement that something came from other source or imitates from other s work. Plagiarism is also considered as copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit. In these articles, Evan Osnos describes plagiarism in different field and their negative impact. Mainly, our society also practiced this even they know it is notRead MorePlagiarism605 Words   |  3 PagesTitle : A theft of works among the students : Plagiarism. During the antiquity, it exists an ancient concept called plagiarism. Plagiarism is happened when a student fail to properly document and give attribution to the source of ideas and text in his work. Alongside with the commercialization of writing, the concept of copyright and the rights given to authors has developed (VAIL Faculty Administrator, 1996-2003). However, the problem of plagiarism has been increased nowadays and became a highlyRead MorePlagiarism And Politics : Plagiarism927 Words   |  4 PagesSaroj Dahal Professor Dr. Sharon Manna GOVT 2305-71005 19 Sep, 2016 Plagiarism and politics Plagiarism is an act of stealing someone else’s original ideas or thoughts (either written or oral) and copying it either exactly in a same way or remixing it, without giving credit to the owner. In today’s world, Plagiarism is omnipresent. People try to imitate others watching them in TVs, movies, and songs which tend them to plagiarize knowingly or accidentally. It can be found in almost all fields likeRead MorePlagiarism Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesI think there was far more plagiarism in the last century. It was almost an accepted part of writing. The ethics of writing has changed. Nobody gets upset about whether Shakespeare plagiarized something. But I think the standards have to be pretty high now, particularly for non-fiction writers. [1] Introduction to Plagiarism According to most leading authorities, including The Office of Research Integrity, plagiarism includes both the theft or misrepresentation of intellectual property and the

Changing Self Essay Free Essays

The texts studied in the Area of Study have been very significant in shaping my understanding of the concept of Changing Self. The novel Willow Tree and Olive, written by Irini Savvides, the short film Be My Brother (directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009) and the film About A Boy (directed by Paul and Chris Weitz, 2002), while different in form and cultural contexts, have both affirmed and challenged a range of ideas about Changing Self. One significant that these texts explore reflecting the complexity of changing self is that a change in self can involve a shift whether physical, emotional, social or intellectual change. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Self Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further, the texts explore the idea that a change in self can be facilitated by an external catalyst. The novel â€Å"Willow Tree and Olive† by Irini Savvides explores the idea that changing self can involve a shift whether physical, emotional, and social or an intellectual change. Initially, Olive has experienced some trauma in her past, and only has brief recollections of it. She feels different from others and is detached from her family and friends because of the trauma. This is presented through the nightmares she recalls from the night of her rape: â€Å"It’s a memory – like a flashback, and I’m in it. The use of the simile reflects the event that took place upon her and recalls what happens. Later throughout the novel, Olive has a new appreciation for her family and friends. This is reflected through, â€Å"Dance. Watch people. Go for walks. Write poetry in my head. And I fall in love. With my people and their passion for life, and their acceptanc e of me, even though I am different. † Here, Olive comes to the realisation that the people, who she loves, support her even throughout the horror and change she has experienced because of her past. Thus, a change in self can involve a shift and is clearly demonstrated through the novel â€Å"Willow Tree and Olive† by Irini Savvides. Likewise, the film â€Å"About A Boy† (Paul and Chris Weitz, 2002) similarly explores the idea of changing self-involving a shift through a social and intellectual change. The main character, Will Freeman, is a rich, childfree and irresponsible 38-year-old slacker who, in search of available women, invents an imaginary son and starts attending single parent meetings. Initially, Will is a self-centred person who is unable to connect with people and being scared by commitment and love. Through cinematography, the montage of scenes of women Will has been out on a date with and also a connection with sentences convey the personality Will has, â€Å"I’m sorry, you’re breaking up with me? You, self-centred bastard, I can’t believe I have wasted all this time with you, you useless superficial loser. † On the contrary, as Will meets Marcus, an awkward 12-year-old boy his view on life changes through a series of events. Once you open your door to one person, anyone can come in. † This conveys that as he has let Marcus come into his life, more people are invited and he begins to make friends and have a closer bond with each of them. In addition, he has changed his view towards people which demonstrates social change. As a result, the film, â€Å"About A Boy† directed by Paul and Chris Weitz demonstrates that a chang e in self involves a shift, particularly a social and intellectual change. Another idea explored in the novel Willow Tree and Olive is that an external catalyst can facilitate a change in self. The catalyst of Olive is Kerry who is her mentor in helping her through the trauma she has suffered. Initially, Olive is afraid of what Kerry will say if she told her about her traumatic past and if she will have a different view about Olive. She attempts to trust Kerry by telling her: â€Å"I CAN’T BELIEVE I SAID IT. WHAT IF KERRY NEVER SPEAKS TO ME AGAIN†¦ BUT IT IS THE TRUTH. † Through the use of capitalisation, it shows that Olive is conscious and anxious about what she has told Kerry. She also is reflecting upon what she has said and in disbelief about how and why she had told her. Later in the novel, Olive begins to trust her friend Kerry that is shown through: â€Å"I wouldn’t have made it without your love. † Olive shows an appreciation for her friend Kerry and it is evidence of Kerry’s support for Olive through her past trauma through her affection towards Olive. Thus, it is evident that an external catalyst can facilitate a change in self. Similarly the short film â€Å"Be My Brother† (Genevieve Clay, 2009) explores the idea of changing self being facilitated by an external catalyst. Initially, Amanda is in insularity and has a disconnection with Richard because she acts negatively towards him through body language. Amanda’s posture is averted away from Richard and her facial expression with discomfort. In addition, Amanda and Richard are framed singularly and the proximity of their seating; Richard is on far left hand side of the seat and Amanda in the opposite. Later in the film, her previous assumptions about Richard’s intellect have been challenged and proven incorrect. This is characterised through the juxtaposition of Richard and Amanda in the same frame as well as the change in Amanda’s body language; her facial expression is positive as she is miling and she is facing Richard as they both converse. Thus, the short film, â€Å"Be My Brother† directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009 clearly demonstrates the idea of changing self being facilitated by an external catalyst. In conclusion, the range of texts I have studied have been influential in shaping my understanding about the concept of changing self, emphasising that changing self is a complex process that is highly individual and shaped by many factors which can be both internal and external. The texts, â€Å"Willow Tree and Olive† by Irini Savvides, â€Å"Be My Brother† directed by Genevieve Clay, 2009 and â€Å"About A Boy† directed by Paul and Chris Weitz, 2002 explore a range of ideas such as a change in self can be facilitated by an external catalyst and it can also involve a shift whether physical, emotional, social or intellectual. The texts have assisted me to appreciate that there are various methods, which may be complex, that allow an individual to change self. How to cite Changing Self Essay, Essay examples

Alcohol Consumption Gradually Increasing

Question: Discuss about the Alcohol Consumption Gradually Increasing. Answer: Introduction The study describes about the views of different authors related to the lock out laws in Sydney. It is found that alcohol consumption is gradually increasing day by day among the young target customers more than that of the old aged or middle aged people in Australia or more specifically in Sydney. The lock out laws in Sydney differs a lot in the identification of the violence that is related to alcohol. The literature review also focus on different attributes of the lock out laws in Sydney and the effects of overconsumption of alcohol to people. It is seen that due to overconsumption of alcohol, many damages are occurred to the family of the affected person both in terms of personal and professional life. The rate of crime is also increased due to the alcohol consumption and the business of the pubs and other nightlife are also hampered due to the implementation of lock out laws in the country. The profitability of the businesses are degrading day by day due to the implementation of lock out laws in the country. All these things will be explained in detail in the study. Sydney lockout laws According to Kypri (2016), the sales of late night alcohol in Sydney and in other parts of Australia are the causes of violence in the country. The new liquor act of 2007 has been effective in the year of 2008 in July. These laws are empowered the organizations who are associated with the gaming, racing, and liquor while imposing the various conditions in restriction of alcohol promotions and liquor licenses. The offices of the racing, gaming and liquor are had made substantial efforts against stopping their licenses for 24 hours. However, this was in vain. The lock out laws has shown the evidence of reduction in the accidents and assaults are decreasing. The government agencies are constantly keeping track of the records of violence in Sydney. The New South Wales government has announced new restrictions regarding the licensed premises while reducing the alcohol related violence in the country. The legislation has come into effectiveness in 2014 that involves the lockout to the registered clubs, karaoke bars, hotels and night clubs. The Sydney lock out laws is successful in creating a ban on the alcohol services on the above mentioned venue after 10pm. The prevalence of the pre-drinking culture and late night drinking culture and limitation to the late night access to the different licensed venues are banned. Various research reports have confirmed the fact that after the implementation of Sydney lock-out laws, the government has witnessed a significant reduction in terms of trauma presentations and alcohol related injuries (Perks Maruyama, 2016). The Sydney lock out laws examine the trends of the non domestic assault occurred in Pyrmont. The liquor amendment act of 2014 is known as lock out laws. The research has showed that almost 71% of the assaulted victims are occurred in the Casino. There are various sections of the lock out laws that include various amendments. Risk based license that are newly implemented include the premises which are licensed. They are liable to pay the license fee to the government and abide by the rules and regulations of the Sydney lock out laws. It can be said that the number of incidents in Pyrmont and Star casino has increased which is smaller than the recorded accidents and assaults in the different types of places selling alcohol (Donnelly et al., 2016). Lockout laws in New Castle Curtis et al., (2016) stated that the lock out laws in New Castle has put a restriction in the central business district of the region. According to the rule, the restaurants, pub, lounge, bars, etc. should not allow people to enter after 1am. Apart from that, they have to close the restaurants before 3 am. The licenses of the pubs, restaurants have to adopt various management plans are subjected in a compliance audits. However, another section of the regulation states that the officer from Responsible Service of Alcohol should not serve alcohol after 10 pm to the customers present in that place. The restriction results in the decreased number of assaults in the pubs and restaurants. The business processes of those areas are also changed as per the regulations of Australian government. These organizations are finding different ways so that they can abide by the regulations of lock out laws while improving the profitability part. According to Kypri, McElduff and Miller (2014), the availability of the alcohol also depends on the effectiveness of the lock out laws in New Castle. The availability depends on the two entertainment areas of the inner city. The laws have reduced the incidents of assaults in the pubs and other entertainment areas. It usually increases the incidents of assaults in the areas where the laws have not been implemented. The implemented law will result into the net reduction of the overall areas of the assaults in the region of New castle and Sydney. The reductions in different conditions of assault are pronounced in the areas where the regulation is yet to be implemented or the liquor trading restrictions are in operation. It is caused due to the implementation of the lock out laws in New Castle. As stated by Menendez et al., (2015) the lock outs and last drinks are related to the decrease in the business of different restaurants, pubs, lounges, bars, etc. In the central business district of the areas of New Castle and Sydney, has witnessed many changes in the liquor business as well as the assaults caused due to over alcohol consumption. The regulation has restricted the pubs and other entertainment organization to serve drinks after 10 pm to the customers present in those areas. The effects of the legislative reforms are examined by using different types of structural time series model. The evidence of the reduction of alcohol consumption in the areas of implementation of the law has witnessed improved health level of the people residing in that area. Apart from that, it has created an impact on the nearby areas of less consumption of alcohol. Significance of the laws Manton, Room and Thorn (2014), stated that the significance of the Sydney lock out laws is different in the various fields of implementation. The laws have declined the liquor industry of the country. The liquor industry of Australia is responsible for earning huge revenue from the Australian market. However, the country is facing a downturn in the perspective of economy. The areas of Sydney and New Castle are not exceptional. Downturn of economy is also faced by the businessman and the traders of liquor in those areas. Apart from the lock out regulations, there are many liquor licensing policies for the traders of liquor that controls the trade within the country. Author has focused on the alcohol related violence on the late night entertainment precint. According to Miller et al., (2015) the intervention of the lock out laws on the Australian alcohol policy is responsible for many changes in the field of reduction of violence and disorders caused due to excessive alcohol consumption in the late night entertainment areas of New Castle and Sydney. The effectiveness of the intervention of the two laws have witnessed different types of incidents such as improved health of the people, lower rates of accidents and assaults, etc. The intervention is a successful strategy in the government of Australia. The betterment of the society is the result of the intervention in the area of the implementation of the law. It is noticed that the licensing policy has reduced the alcohol related harm in the recognised area of Australia. The alcohol consumption of the people of Sydney and New Castle are proven to be less after the implementation of the lock out laws. Legislative limitation has been done to the trading hours of the nightlife companies who are associated with trading of alcohols. Authors have stated the fact that the government of Australia restricts the on premise sales of alcohol. The time is restricted to 3.30 am in New Castle and it is spreading on the central business districts of New Castle and Sydney. Authors stated that these policies are also there in other countries of the world. The research has stated the fact that these regulations regarding lock out and licensing liquor are also active in United Kingdom (Wilkinson, Livingston Room, 2016). Effectiveness of the laws According to Roth and Angu (2014), the issues of the violence caused due to alcohol consumption in the licensed premises of the urban areas of Australia. The lock out laws of Sydney and New Castle both are effective in terms of the different types of business related to liquor and alcohol. The Liquor Act 2007 has been is considered as the policy that has been combined with the lock out laws f Sydney. It has created many restrictions to the public nightlife areas, where people mostly young generation goes to hang out while having different types of alcohols and liquors. This culture is being banned. The bars are restricted to sale of drinks, shots, mixed drinks, ready mixed drinks, etc. after 10 pm. This lead to the loss of businesses to these organizations. As per Lorenc et al., (2014), the effectiveness of the lock out laws of Sydney is the major determinants of the public health in the country. As it is proven that, the lock out laws both has positive and negative impacts on the public health and the business of the entertainment areas. The public health of different areas of Australia is recovering. The rate of alcohol consumption is lowered due to the strong implementation of the laws in the regions. The culture of the evidence of the decision making attributes of the government of Australia has a high chance to improve the health condition of the residents of the place. The different types of policies in the perspective of health sector are also related to the health improvement within the country. According to Miller et al., (2014), collaborative and intervention strategies are been developed while reducing the harms that are associated with the consumption of alcohol on the different licensed venues not only in Australia but also across Australia. Authors suggested that especially in the regions of Sydney and New Castle the hospitals have emergency wards that are focused on serving victims that are affected by alcohol. However, it can be said that after the implementation of lock out laws in Sydney and New Castle, the rate of admission of victims affected by over consumption of alcohol are less in number. The authority of the hospitals has admitted the fact that there is a significant reduction in the injuries that are caused due to higher consumption of alcohol risks. It is evident after the implementation of the lock out laws in Sydney and New Castle. Problems of overconsumption of alcohol Burns et al., (2015) has stated the fact that the indigenous Australians are not considered under the category of over consumption of alcohol, and petrol sniffers and child abusers. The media of Australia misrepresents the groups in the country. However, there are many ill effects of consumption of alcohol both my male and female. It can be said that to some extent consumption of various types of alcohol in terms of weather are essential. But, there are many ill effects a person can get affected if he consumes alcohol regularly at a higher level. These can affect the cultural aspect of the people in the country. The indigenous Australians are originally not involved in it whether they are involved in it or not. According to Stoneham, Goodman and Daube (2014), alcohol consumption is associated with mainly university and college students. The environments of different universities of Australia are related to the consumption of the alcohol. The environment of the universities such as peer pressure, academic pressure, promotion of alcohol, homogeneity of peers, etc. are responsible for addiction of alcohol by the students. It is witnessed that due to overconsumption of alcohol not only physical disorders are occurred but also some mental disorders are occurred to them. It leads to personal harms such as blackouts, hangovers, suicidal attempts, academic impairments, etc. The culture of alcohol consumption among universities is not only present among the Australian universities but also to the different universities of the world. As stated by Allampati and Mullen (2016), people can get addicted to chronic liver diseases when they are addicted to alcohol. The doctors of different hospitals of Australia have witnessed the fact that the early recognition of the liver disease of the patient can help in early recovery of the chronic diseases. The gastroenterology department of Australia and United States deals with the liver diseases so that they can involve in the development of different methods so that they can cure the victims of liver diseases. However, research also stated that overconsumption of alcohol leads to different types of diseases that leads to the disease after a long time of consumption. Solutions mitigating the effects of alcohol consumption According to Harding et al., (2016), underage drinking is a bad habit that adolescents get from their parents or other family members which is responsible for becoming addiction with due course of time. The negative consequences for the underage drinkers related to deaths and other fatal diseases such as cirrhosis. This habit can be abolished if the family members restrict them in alcohol consumption in front of children and adolescents. Apart from that, the children who are suffering from diseases due to alcohol addiction must consult to doctor at an early stage so that it can be recovered. The research focused on the habits of the first year students of colleges in Australia in alcohol consumption. The university culture is responsible for the growth of addiction of alcohol. Apart from that, there are many psychological factors, that are constantly ruling at those minds of the students. The effects of overdose of alcohol addiction are fatal. However, it can be said that the authority of universities are trying to abolish the culture by implementing several groups and departments that are focused in counselling the students for abolishing the habit of alcohol consumption. Counselling is also provided to the students who are non drinkers so that they can not get addicted with alcohol consumption (Reis, 2014). As stated by Meredith, Alessi and Petry (2015), many applications are available in the android smartphones that will help the addicted victims in order to abolish their habit to reduce the consumption of alcohol. The health departments of United States and Australia are focused in the hazardous drinking and alcohol. The addicted persons usually misuse the problems related to it. It leads to fatal diseases. They can use the applications in the smartphones sometimes without the consultation of doctors. It is seen that there are many people who are ashamed of consulting to doctors for reduction of addiction of alcohol, they can use different applications in the smartphones that will help in reducing the habit of alcohol consumption. Factors enhancing alcohol overconsumption Rice et al., (2015) stated that depression is a factor that is considered as an enhancer of alcohol consumption. To find the level of depression among the young generation, Gotland Male Depression Scale is being developed in order to assess the symptoms of depression. Apart from that, there are many models that are used by psychiatrist and medical departments that uses to the patients who are suffering from depression or any other mental problems. It leads to excess consumption of alcohol irrespective of any age. The unhealthy lifestyle of these victims are responsible for getting addicted to alcohol. Toumbourou et al., (2014) stated the fact that there are several reasons that a person gets addicted to alcohol. In the initial stage, the consumption of alcohol has become a fashion and style statement. It slowly enters into the habit of the person. Research has found that the addiction of alcohol is found among the adolescents more than the aged people. The factors include road trauma, illicit drug use, tobacco use, etc. It is also proved that the psychology of those adolescents are different from the adolescents who are not addicted to alcohol. It leads to youth violence. According to Pettigrew et al., (2016), mixed drinks such as cocktails, mocktails and energy drinks are responsible for creating the addiction of alcohol among the consumers. The young drinkers are not aware of the fact that they are consuming alcohol and by that time they gets addicted to alcohol. In some cases social imperatives sometimes override the perceived barriers that encourage the adolescents to consume alcohol recklessly. Social norms and positive deviance assistance in reducing the harms of the alcohol consumption. The health drinks also contains some percentage of alcohol in it. Conclusion The literature review describes different aspects of lock out laws and its effect in reducing the crime rate in the country. The lock out laws is explained in the whole research. However, it can be said that the effect of implementation of the lock out laws are categorised under positive and negative impacts. The alcohol consumption is highly related to the implementation of the lock out laws in different parts of Australia. Research reports have stated that the statistics of the crime reports before and after the implementation of the laws are decreasing. The business significance of the lock out laws is different in different parts of the urban areas of Australia. The law is responsible for reduced alcohol consumption of the various age groups. Apart from that, it can be said that the different health hazards and other societal hazards are reduced in number after the implementation of lock out laws in Sydney. The different areas of advertising and marketing of products of alcohol a re also getting affected due to this work. The study also focuses on the different aspects of alcohol consumption and its ill effects on the society and to personal health of the affected person. References Allampati, S., Mullen, K. D. (2016). Long-Term Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease.Clinics in Liver Disease,20(3), 551-562. Burns, S., Crawford, G., Hallett, J., Jancey, J., Portsmouth, L., Hunt, K., Longo, J. (2015). Consequences of low risk and hazardous alcohol consumption among university students in Australia and implications for health promotion interventions.Open Journal of Preventive Medicine,5(01), 1. Curtis, A., Miller, P., Palmer, D., Warren, I., McFarlane, E., Hudson, K. (2016). Key stakeholder perspectives of drink restrictions in Newcastle, Australia.Addiction Research Theory, 1-5. Donnelly, N., Weatherburn, D., Routledge, K., Ramsey, S., Mahoney, N. (2016). Did the lockout lawreforms increase assaults at The Star casino, Pyrmont?.Star,1, 2. Harding, F. M., Hingson, R. W., Klitzner, M., Mosher, J. F., Brown, J., Vincent, R. M., ... Cannon, C. L. (2016). Underage drinking: a review of trends and prevention strategies.American journal of preventive medicine,51(4), 148-157. Kypri, K. (2016). Science, politics, and the play of chance in recent Australian drinking law changes.Drug and alcohol review,35(6), 657-660. Kypri, K., McElduff, P., Miller, P. (2014). Restrictions in pub closing times and lockouts in Newcastle, Australia five years on.Drug and Alcohol Review,33(3), 323-326. Lorenc, T., Tyner, E. F., Petticrew, M., Duffy, S., Martineau, F. P., Phillips, G., Lock, K. (2014). Cultures of evidence across policy sectors: systematic review of qualitative evidence.The European Journal of Public Health,24(6), 1041-1047. Manton, E., Room, R., Thorn, M. (Eds.). (2014).Stemming the tide of alcohol: liquor licensing and the public interest. Foundation for Alcohol Research Education. Menendez, P., Weatherburn, D., Kypri, K., Fitzgerald, J. (2015). Lockouts and last drinks: The impact of the January 2014 liquor licence reforms on assaults in NSW, Australia.BOCSAR NSW Crime and Justice Bulletins, 12. Meredith, S. E., Alessi, S. M., Petry, N. M. (2015). Smartphone applications to reduce alcohol consumption and help patients with alcohol use disorder: a state-of-the-art review.Advanced health care technologies,1, 47. Miller, P., Curtis, A., Palmer, D., Busija, L., Tindall, J., Droste, N Wiggers, J. (2014). Changes in injury?related hospital emergency department presentations associated with the imposition of regulatory versus voluntary licensing conditions on licensed venues in two cities.Drug and alcohol review,33(3), 314-322. Miller, P., Droste, N., Groot, F., Palmer, D., Tindall, J., Busija, L., ... Wiggers, J. (2015). Correlates and motives of pre?drinking with intoxication and harm around licensed venues in two cities.Drug and alcohol review 3(2) 45-49. Perks, G., Maruyama, S. (2016).The" Flock" Phenomenon of the Sydney Lockout Laws: Dual Effects on Rental Prices(No. 38) 50-53. Pettigrew, S., Biagioni, N., Jones, S. C., Stafford, J., Chikritzhs, T., Daube, M. (2016). Factors influencing young people's use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks.Appetite,96, 408-415. Reis, J. (2014). First-year students' perspectives on reasons for and prevention of their own alcohol overdose.Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse,23(5), 291-296. Rice, S. M., Aucote, H. M., Mller-Leimkhler, A. M., Amminger, G. P. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Gotland Male Depression Scale in an Australian community sample.European Journal of Psychological Assessment 1(2)5-6. Roth, L., Angus, C. (2014). Liquor licensing restrictions to address alcohol-related violence in NSW: 2008 to 2014.NSW Parliamentary Research Service 3(5) 20-13. Stoneham, M. J., Goodman, J., Daube, M. (2014). The portrayal of Indigenous health in selected Australian media.The International Indigenous Policy Journal,5(1), 5. Toumbourou, J. W., Olsson, C. A., Rowland, B., Renati, S., Hallam, B. (2014). Health psychology intervention in key social environments to promote adolescent health.Australian Psychologist,49(2), 66-74. Wilkinson, C., Livingston, M., Room, R. (2016). Impacts of changes to trading hours of liquor licences on alcohol-related harm: a systematic review 20052015.Public health research and practice,26(4).